William Shakespeares Othello as a Victim Essay -- Papers William Shak

William Shakespeares Othello as a VictimNot All Works Cited Included In Othello Shakespeare commemorates that Othello is put-upon in many ways, for instance his race, his culture, his social position and nave. Othellos victimisation could also show Shakespeares meaning of the term tragedy. In other Shakespearian tragedies the lead character is shown as cunning, ruthless and manipulative, more similar to Iago than Othello. This could represent a change in Shakespeares opinion of a true Shakespearean tragedy. The principal(prenominal) cause of Othellos victimisation is his race. Unlike the other characters in Othello he is a Moor, a natural figure of hatred and disgust. In the play he is actually rarely referred to as Othello, but more often as moor or negro, Desdemona even refers to Othello as my noble moor not Othello. The resultant where Othello is victimised due to his race are vast, for example at the start of the play when Iago is talking to Roderi go, Othellos race is a major issue, To the gross clasps of a insensible Moor-. Here evidence of racism is shown. There is also a case that this shows the imperial and colonial nature of Venice in the Sixteenth century. Othello can be seen to show the stereotypical contemporary Elizabethan belief of blackness and the barbarous nature of the black man as evil and devilish. Othellos race also helps to highlight his jealousy and gullibility, due to his race Othello is always subconscious of his weaknesses, his tragic flaw. This may be a reason for why he befriends Iago, who would act as his bind to the white world, informing Othello of the opinions white society. Othello... ...d social figures. In conclusion I feel that Othello is more sinned against than sinning. This is not to say that he is a innocent, it most(prenominal) be remembered that he killed Desdemona, not Iago and that no matter how big a part Iago has it is still Othellos fault. But, Othel lo is victimised, he is portrayed as an other, if this be cognise to you, and your allowance. He is also presented as a savage, barbarian and a inferior, a parasite, living of the healthy Venetian state. But, this is all due to the fact that he is different, it has been noted that if you are different you will never be equal, if you are different you will always be different (Marx - CM 1848) and Othellos difference is no fault of his own.Works CitedShakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England Penguin, 1970.

The Gold Card :: Dialog Essays

I always told you kids dont buy it unless ya got the money.Hey lets go attach a bite to eat. Yeah that sounds good. I heard there is a new restaurant down on Grand thats suppose to be good.Okay, said my friend Shannon.We arrived at the restaurant and sat down. The waiter brought our menus.Im gonna get the broiled salmon in creamy herb sauce Im gonna have the vegi ravioli Shannon said. MMMM that sounds good. I replied. The server brought our food and we enjoyed catching up with each other.Wow that was so delicious wasnt it?Yeah, hey this one is on me because I think you treated last time. Thanks Shannon replied. Then I whipped out my shiny Gold Platinum card at 3.9%. The waiter came by with that little black waiter case thing and a couple of mints. We paid and then we left.Say do you mind if we go by the mall real quick I just want to check a new store thats opened up?Shannon replied, convinced(predicate) thats cool.I just gotta pull into the Super America for some gas. I said. Il l pump you pay? Shannon said.Sure. I responded. I dashed in to the SA and headed to pay. I noticed an article about alien babies that I had heard about. I read that one a voice came from behind. I turned approximately and it was a short bald guy with a bag of cheetos in his hand.Really, how was it ? Worth $1.95?Yeah he said. So I grabbed it. Then I remembered that I needed some oil for my car. I grabbed some Valvoline and got back in line.That will be $27.09 please.Shoot, I dont have enough cash. So I whipped out the gold again and zooooom we were off to the mall. Lets check out that new clothing store on the second floor. Its supposed to be really cheep. Id also like to go to that CD shop.O.K., but I need to go to the cash shape first, Shannon said.Great, I said, Ill meet you in the chocolate factory.There I was in the chocolate shop waiting for Shannon, when I remembered that my mothers natal day was coming up. So I thought Id buy her some nice chocolates. The coffee beans looke d tempting as well.Ill have a pound of the french roast chocolate coffee and these chocolates as well.

Philosophers Impact on Marx and Engels :: Essays Papers

Philosophers Impact on Marx and Engels One part of human nature is to want to gain more major power. Within this idea there ar many parts. First is the need for humans to overcome nature. Another part is gaining more territory. The more land a man has, the more powerful he feels. Lastly, having control over their own lives and the lives of others contributes to whether or not they feel powerful. This concept can be seen in The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels be discussing the industrial revolution. This may search far from the ideas of humans overcoming nature and gaining more power however, it is not. The industrial revolution came about because of the need to expand. The reason they needed to expand was because they wanted more power. The power hungriness in humans, however, can often get out of hand. This is shown in the industrial revolution. People, the bourgeoisie to be more specific, became so greedy that it did not point whom they used to gain more powe r. This is the situation that Marx and Engels try to rectify. Not only are humans actions affecting nature through pollution, but they are also affecting society itself. People are living in poverty and filth, and the upper classes are making no advances to stop it. This is what motivated Marx and Engels to herald their thoughts. Marx and Engels were influenced by many philosophers, the most influential, however, was G. W. F. Hegel. Hegel was so influential that in order to analyze the other philosophers one must do so through Hegels interaction with them. Marx especially, shares many of the same views with Hegel although they do differ on certain issues. Despite Marxs never-ending attack on Hegel, the Marxian conception of history is Hegelian through and through.1 Hegels philosophy is focused on the criticism of Kant and Fichte, two other German philosophers. Engels once wrote We German socialists are proud that we outline our descent not only from Saint Simon, Fourier, and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte, and Hegel.2 To this list one must also add Ludwig Feuerbach who Engels wrote about later in life. These philosophers had the most influence on Marx and Engels. Their philosophies are all interrelated. In fact many of their works either criticize or build upon one of the others forward works.

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Suicide Death Essays

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted SuicideABSTRACT Helping people to die may involve killing and/or sculptural relief of disturb in a dying person. A dual commitment to the shunning of killing and the alleviation of distract raises the question of whether these two ways of lot people are always compatible. This paper addresses the question through use of sources in classical American pragmatism and contemporary bioethics. First, I apply Charles Peirces notion of pragmatism to the concept of killing through consideration of the empirical consequences of alternative interpretations. throng Rachels account of the plainion surrounded by active and passive euthanasia is critiqued in this analysis. Second, I examine what it means to relieve pain by relating Jane Addams concept of maternal nurturance to an ethic of care and opposition to killing. Utilizing these concepts, I apply William James notion of pragmatism as a method of mediating or straddling different theoretical a pproaches to resolve the apparent incompatibility between pain relief and the avoidance of killing. To address social concerns raised by the practice of helping people to die, I propose a corrective insight of Addams, along with John Dewey, or so the role of the philosopher as social critic. Thus understood, pragmatism is a means of avoiding abuses that may occur in the process. I conclude that so long as permissive practices are restrained sufficiently to avoid injustices, it is morally both possible and desirable to resist killing while relieving pain. Here is the doubt that triggers my doubt I have two beliefs that are apparently at odds. The first is that we should never kill the second, that we should always attempt to alleviate pain. The apparent conflict between these beliefs arises from the fact that death may constitute the ultimate pain relief. Certain caveats attach to both beliefs. For example, killing in self-defense or to save others lives is acceptable, (1) and infl icting pain through medical interventions in order to cure or restore function is also acceptable. (2) In general, however, both beliefs dispose me, as Peirce would put it, (3) to distinct plans or habits of action avoidance of killing and provision of pain relief. In health care, the commitment never to kill implies that euthanasia is wrong, and the commitment to alleviate pain demands actions that may hasten the dying process.The question that arises from these two commitments is whether both can be sustained simultaneously. Can I always and in every character reference avoid killing and alleviate pain?

Communication Is the Key to Teamwork Essay -- Teamwork

in that location atomic number 18 many different benefits to having diverse dynamics within a team. Communication seems to be the key to making the dynamics of a team work. A team is very much an interpersonal relationship with many potential benefits as well as pitfalls. The dynamics can lots cause conflict within that team which can negatively affect the teams performance. It is common for people on a team to try to ignore or bury problems due to a desire to not create a scene. This can be very destructive because the issues do not get resolved. There are some specific steps that can be taken to resolve that conflict. When it comes to resolving an issue, the methods of doing so can be as dynamic as the team itself. Dynamics are the forces at play that influence the behavior of a group. The feelings of inclusion or exclusion and who is responsible for what or how happy they are with it are some of the dynamics. How the meeting place or office is laid out, openly or as cubicles can affect how a team communicates. The change of hidden or side communication verses open group communication can adversely affect a team and the attitude. Rewards and recognition for great ideas and jobs well done should be given fairly and equally. No one should seem to be getting more privileges than opposites in a team. This could harbor feelings of resentment with the other members of that team. The way in which a team goes about solving problems, company policies or, the status quo can also affect the performance of a team ( police squad 2013).Team dynamics provide great benefits of social interaction and communications. Social benefits of team dynamics includes interactive learning, exchanging different ideas, sharing opinions, supporting team members with any prob... ...heir hold or with the help from a mediator (2011, Pg. 158, Par. 2).As the old saying goes, An ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of cure. The dynamics of a team can be very diverse. S ometimes thats good and sometimes its bad. It is so important to extinguish all issues from the very beginning because otherwise they craft buried and slowly build into something that is blown out of proportion. It is important to safeguard the team from this by setting up a system of routine meetings, and team rules to where people have a chance to discuss and solve potential problems in an open unbiased forum.ReferencesDeJanasz, Dowd, Schneider. (2011). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York. McGraw-Hill. Pgs. 158-248.Team engineering (2013) Team Dynamics, Para 5. Resourced 13 Mar. 2015 from http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/team-dynamics.html

Communication Is the Key to Teamwork Essay -- Teamwork

There are many different benefits to having diverse dynamics within a police squad. Communication seems to be the key to devising the dynamics of a team work. A team is very much an interpersonal relationship with many potential benefits as well as pitfalls. The dynamics can often cause conflict within that team which can negatively affect the teams performance. It is common for people on a team to travail to ignore or bury problems due to a desire to not create a scene. This can be very destructive because the issues do not get resolved. There are some specific steps that can be taken to resolve that conflict. When it comes to resolving an issue, the methods of doing so can be as dynamic as the team itself. Dynamics are the forces at play that influence the behavior of a group. The feelings of inclusion or exclusion and who is responsible for what or how happy they are with it are some of the dynamics. How the meeting place or office is laid out, openly or as cubicles can affec t how a team communicates. The enabling of hidden or side communication verses open group communication can adversely affect a team and the attitude. Rewards and science for great ideas and jobs well done should be given fairly and equally. No one should seem to be getting more privileges than others in a team. This could carry feelings of resentment with the other members of that team. The way in which a team goes about solving problems, company policies or, the status quo can also affect the performance of a team (Team 2013).Team dynamics provide great benefits of social interaction and communications. Social benefits of team dynamics includes interactive learning, exchanging different ideas, sharing opinions, supporting team members with any prob... ...heir own or with the help from a mediator (2011, Pg. 158, Par. 2).As the old saying goes, An ounce of prevention is worth more than a crash of cure. The dynamics of a team can be very diverse. Sometimes thats good and so metimes its bad. It is so important to extinguish all issues from the very scratch line because otherwise they lie buried and slowly build into something that is blown out of proportion. It is important to safeguard the team from this by setting up a body of routine meetings, and team rules to where people have a chance to discuss and solve potential problems in an open unbiased forum.ReferencesDeJanasz, Dowd, Schneider. (2011). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. new York. McGraw-Hill. Pgs. 158-248.Team Technology (2013) Team Dynamics, Para 5. Resourced 13 Mar. 2015 from http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/team-dynamics.html

Philosophy Of Science Essay

The topic of essay is There is more to seeing than meets the look. These are words of N. R. Hanson, and Ill rise to show here my point of view. In his work Observation Hanson says that if two different people (for example, microbiologists), look at prepared slide, they give different answers for interrogative mood what did they see there. It means, they see the same object, but their feelings and understanding of object, as well their definitions regarding it are different. Hanson gives the following answer These are different interpretations of what all observers see in common.Retinal reactions to figure are virtually identical so too are our visual sense-data, since our drawings of what we see will have the same content. There is no place in the seeing for these differences, so they must lie in the interpretations put on what we see. (Hanson, p. 9) So, everything depends on interpretations of the object the characteristics are given by us, opus seeing the same by different pe ople. Lets take a picture and will try to find out what can be seen there. Again, some people can see only birds they see an opened bick of some big bird, the others see horns and antelope. some other question do the people, who have never seen antelope, see an antelope in this picture? We can see the picture as one shape, then as of some other. We interpret it and see it as we interpret it. (Hanson, p. 7) Another idea which Hanson gives is that this kind of interpretation depends on experience. So lets take as example the picture of an X-ray tube viewed from the cathode. Some go through physicist will recognize here an X-ray tube, but a small baby and a driver, for example, will have another interpretation based on their visual experience.They see the same object, but have different interpretations. Hanson says Seeing is not only the having of a visual experience it is also the way in which the visual experience is had. (Hanson, p. 8). A physicist saw this object in school, but from his visual experience he saw only an instrument made of admixture and glass. When he studied at the university, he learned about this instrument and saw the construction in the book and had completely another interpretation. The object didnt change, but the visual experience did.So, in assign for driver to see the same what physicist sees, he needs to learn physics. The baby is blind to what driver sees, although he is not blind and sees the same object. Seeing means also some kind to have knowledge of certain sorts (Hanson, p. 11). Lets take another scientist, Hacking, with his article Do we see through a microscope? He speaks about the ways we get new kinds of perception when we use different objects to manipulate a world we cannot see by our normal eye-sight.Hacking says that we dont see through a microscope, we see with a microscope. For example, we can use electrons in order to get other results, and by doing this, we are convinced of their existence with their stable p roperties. It doesnt mean that we have an entire knowledge regarding those electrons, but we have those properties as known because of our experience. Here comes the slogan If you can manipulate them, they must be real. (I. Hacking, p. 150). So, really, we can make a conclusion that There is more to seeing than meets the eyeball.

Pearson Chemistry Notes Essay

1. i. All elements argon composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 1. ii. Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any unrivaled element are different from those of any other element 1. iii. Atoms of different elements fucking physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds 1. iv. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated from each other, joined, or rearranged in a different combination. Atoms of mavin element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction.Sizing up the Atom Atoms are very smooth the radii of most atoms fall within the range of 5 x 10-11 m to 2 x 10-10m atoms can be seen in examine electron microscopes atoms can be moved 4. 2 Structure of the Nuclear Atom Overview Lots of Daltons theory is accepted except that atoms can be divided Atoms can be divided into three subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Subatomic Particles Electron s Discovered by UK physicist J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) Are prejudiciously charged subatomic particles. Thomsons try out passed electric current through gasses at low pressure.Sealed the gases in glass tubes fitted at both ends with admixture disks called electrodes electrodes connected to source of electricity one electrode called the anode became positively charged other electrode, called cathode, became negatively charged resulted in glowing beam called Cathode Ray that traveled from cathode to anode. Findings cathode ray is deflected by electrically charged metal plates positively charged plate attracts the cathode ray negatively charged repels it Thomson knew that opposites attract hypothesized that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles moving at high speed called particles corpuscles.Later called electrons Millikans Experiment US physicist Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953) carried out experiments to find the quantity of an electrons charge. Oil drop experime nt suspend negatively charged oil droplets between two charged plates. then changed voltage on the plates to see how it affected the droplets rate of falling he ground that the charge on each oil droplet was a multiple of 1. 60 x 1019 coulomb meaning it was the charge of an electron mensurable electrons mass Millikans values for electron charge and mass are similar to those accepted today.An electron has one whole of negative charge and its mass is 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom Protons and Neutrons Four simple ideas about matter and electric charges 1. Atoms have no give the sack electric charge soggy 2. Electric charges are carried by particles of matter 3. Electric charges always exist in whole-number multiples of a single basic unit that is, there are no fractions of charges. 4. when given a number of negatively charged particles combines wit an equal number of positively charged particles, an electrically neutral particle is formed.

Society Have Become Dependent On Technology

nows society is too dependent on technology. With all the advancements to our standard technology such as the internet, cubicle phones, computers, iPad and all new(prenominal) wireless and electronic devices. Todays technology has flip society with many thinking that cant exist without these devices. Technology has brought the world to our fingertips. It has change the workplace, and the way we learn. Societys habituation on technology paired with the rise of technology is a disadvantage to humanity as whole.What was considered a sumptuosity is now considered a necessity. Advancements in conversations technologies is a benefit to our society. Dependence can best be seen when there is a power outage over an hour, people go into instant panic mode. Dependence on technology will inevitably lead to advances in technology, creating new social standards, thereby furthering the same dependence on technology. Technology also creates a world that demands things in a rapid manner. It p rovides a faster means of communication, makes a person more efficacious and organized.Deepak Chopra, MD author and founder of The Chopra Foundation states that technology doubles every year and in 10 years will be a cardinal times more. Lets look back at history in the early to mid-1900 when children and adults didnt rely on television and computers but worn out(p) time with family and friends in person having face to face communication. Technology has affective how children play. Fewer kids play outside due to video games and some other electronic devices. Today I can be in my home playing a video game with a friend in his home in other state by dint of the internet online.Every day millions of people turn on their cell phones, log on to their social networking sites and spend hours each day texting, messaging, and blogging. pew Internet reports for cell phones activities this year (2013) shows 91% of American adults own a cell phone. Younger adults are more affluent in the use of cell phones. Texting continues to be the most common cell phone activities, with 81% of cell owners text. Texting is popular among younger adult and college educated.Many persons access the internet through their cell phone, with more that 34% admitting mostly accessing the internet from their phones. Pews report also identify half of cell owners send and receive netmail from their phone. It was also noted that 49% of cell owners used their phones to look up directions, recommendation and other information related to their location and 48% of owners listening to medicinal drug on their phones. The Apple iPad a newer device falls somewhere between the smart phone and notebook computer.It allows a person to accomplish their routine confinement for work, school and home. Technology is the major reasons for the changes in society. Technology has taken over our lives and has provided shortcuts and an easy way out. Many people admit that their smart phone or other electronic dev ice runs their life. The military uses technology to monitor our Nation against national treat . Technology is a vital element of the advancement of education, healthcare, communication and transportation.

Example Lay Out of School Paper Essay

It has been 5 years since the School of Education (SOE) tasted the sweetness of pride wearing the crown of lose WVSU-LC. And now exclude Rita Marie Penado got it again for the SOE start September 21, 2012 when she byshined the three former(a) competitors from the three departments/ train.Miss Penado, a first timer for the pageant will represent the campus to Miss WVSU 2013 during the University Week Celebration plan on January 2013 at Main Campus Lapaz Iloilo City.During the local pageant, Penado received minor awards on Miss Photogenic, Most Popularity, Best in Talent, and Best in Interview.Mr. James Paren of BSED-IV escorted Miss Penado to the contest and consequently won the title of First Runner Up with special awards on Best in Talent and Mr. Popularity.Representative from the School of engineering science Mr. Ricky Javana was crowned Mr. WVSU-LC 2012 with the following minor awards Mr. Photogenic, Best in Formal Wear, and Best in Interview.Other contenders were Miss Jessa Horlador from the School of Technology, First Runner Up Miss Beverly Lubas and Mr. Mark Anthony Espadon from the School of Criminology, Second Runner Up and Mr. Raymond John Tiu and Miss Jerelyn Lomitillo from the School of Management, Third Runner Up.Hinampang 2012By April Lyn Geti-ayon Christine joyfulness VallejoWest Visayas State University-Lambunao Campus lengthened their annual University Hinampang destination September 13-15, 2012. The activity was participated by the schools which are segregated into four energetic and competing Units Unit 1-Torch (school of education), Unit 2-Pheonix (school of Technology), Unit 3-Eagles (school of Criminology) and Unit 4-Lions (school of management). This three days celebration had started with the parade of the faculty and staff and the different schools, organizations,and clubs. The opening program was highlighted with the cheer dance competition sponsored by the cultural affairs wherein the Unit 4-Lions (school of Management) bagged the booty of championship for the years cheer dance competition. Hinampang 2012 activity aims to intensify the hidden skills, talents and abilities of every student as well as to strengthen their close sportsmanship among some other students.EditorialK12 for GlobalizationBy Hazel HabladorAfter considering various proposals, K12 Program finally took its step towards globalization. Officially, the implementation of this program had started this School Year 2012-2013. despite of the shortcomings such as lack of school facilities, classrooms, and teachers, the government believes that Philippine Education needs this program in order to decongest and enhance the basic education course of study and provide better quality education for all which is the demand in the global market. The model that is currently proposed by the Dep-Ed is the K-6-4-2 Model. This model embroils Kindergarten, six years of simple(a) education, four years junior high school (grades 7-10), and two years senio r high school (grades 11-12). The two years senior high school anticipates running time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills competencies.With the help of k12, we flock show the world that we can compete glo junkyy. Upshot to this are accelerated economic growth, rough-cut recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries and positive overall impact on society. This is the best step that the government had imposed for the betterment of all. Let us forever remember that whatever changes that may happen in the education system of our country, it is still part of our learning. We just need to follow and widen our fruitage of companionship so that whatever zigzag road we may take, at the end, the road we have taken is still peaceful and bountiful. This is the change that will bring us to a new life and will make us competent to other countries.The BSED IIIJefhrey Canopin Janine Marie PamaMarven Losaria April Lyn Geti-ayonHarold Quimba Christine J oy VallejoHazel Hablador April LasangreAnthea Lebanan Richen LindresKrizzan Jade Jumilla Jenalyn GonzagaMhay Lauron April Rose LindongAnna Rose SolerEssays.The Joy of Triumph(A simple Talk to a Queen)By Jenalyn Gonzaga and April Rose LindongIt was early in the morning of October 5, 2012 when I was walking along the corridor to attend the Worlds Teachers Day I met the reigning queen of WVSU-LC 2012. In a far distance I spotted the exotic beauty of Rita Marie Penado so I false my way just to meet her. The crowned queen was very approachable and kind hearted so I invited her for a short chat. Hello Miss Rita can I ask you a favor?Yes what is it?I just want to ask you about the pageant.What did you feel w2hen you were crowned as Miss WVSU-LC? Rita replied with a sweet smiling on her face well, when I was crowned as Miss WVSU-LC 2012, I couldnt exactly explain what my feeling was. It was unexplainable happiness. My bust run down my eyes tears of joy. Likewise, I felt proud of my schoo l. I didnt expect of winning the crown alone I did. Its because I trust God. Wow thats great What are your preparations before the grand pageant? Actually, Im not prepared like the other candidates.All I did was set my mind for the pageant, a little bit of practice and pray for Gods guidance during the pageant. Thats all, nil less, nothing more. Really? What do you feel when you are walking on stage? Definitely, I wasnervous, so nervous that I couldnt stand nor looked straight to the adjudicate as well as the audiences. I imagined a crowd was looking at me. Oh My Gosh That was my first time to join a pageant. I thought of stepping back, but never did me. The worst about it was Im not even expecting to win the crown. Rita told me with open heart.To be continued on page ..4AGONY OF thrashingBy Richen Lindres and Anthea LebananAfter such tremendous victory winning the cheerdance competition it is surprising to say the least. Suddenly we are presented with a series of failure that st ands and touch contrast for the wonderful victorious of the past two years. How instructive this if we only have the ears to listen to the message of this the thrill of victory was so quickly replaced by the agony of defeat. This is the story of defeat. This the story of life and something we must learn to deal within our daily walk. One minute, we can be living in victory and next is defeat. The tin whistle blew. It was all over. The long practices and hard feisty, all the running and training, all the tough and shooting, all the pasta parties and toilet papering, everything. Over, ended, done. Why? Because the whistle had indulgen.as one team run off the field for joy and excitement, the other walked off in utter disappointment . as one side cheered, the other cried. The opposing team had left, the crowds had cleared, but our team just sat at our bench, looking, staring, and glaring at the empty field mud patches and torn up good deal everywhere.Poster everywhere, some hug hi gh on the windows and some still sturdy on walls while others hung by a thread , others were just thrown and twisted to the ground by one-lookers and still more hung on fences wishing, wanting, hoping, for nothing but for the best of the team. Everyone stood, sat, laid looking at the field in amazing change with disappointment, anger and sadness all the same time, trying to comprehend how everything they had worked so hard for had come to an end so quickly.Put to an end by the blow of the whistle. Thinking back to all the perfect opportunities..missed, all the unlucky touches or unconnected passed wondering what would have happenedif one thing had been done differently. Tears, hugs, words, it was all profuse it all meant nothing. It wasnt supposed to end like this, and yet, with the final whistle, it did. Everyone now is experiencing the agony of defeat. Some days when they are sitting in class, staring out the window, at the field, they remember, they wonder, they wish, they push it out of their minds, still experiencing the agony of defeat. Sportsand others.EAGLES BEATS THE TORCHESBy Janine Marie Pama and Ana Rose SolerJoy of triumph.So will you kindly share to us some beauty tips in order to maintain our beauty and tree trunk. hahahaha Rita gave a short laugh. to tell you frankly, I never expected that question. Well, to maintain your beauty and body simply relax, eat moderately with healthy foods, be stress free and most of all smile, all out smile and the world will smile at you. Thanks Rita. It was a pleasure to have a talk with you.Rita just gave a big hahahahahahahahhahaWe exchanged laughter together. It was a great event for me to have a chat with the reigning queen.Despite of the rain and muddy field, Eagles (School of Criminology) made it to the top when they smashed down the Torches (School of Education) during the championship game of football women last September 15, 2012. The Eagles beat down the torches with the score of 1-0 on the first h alf. Another ball was made to goal on the second half score of Eagles. The game ended with the moderate of 2-0.Lions Roared and Crushed the EaglesBy Harold Quimba and April LasangreOn the hotness of the game, the management lions made it to the champ and whitewashed the Criminology Eagles during the University Hinampang, championship game Volleyball boys held September 15,2012. The ball spin and hit down the players of the Eagles as the Lions made the crushing spikes onthe first quarter. Another winning score had made the game hotter as they tally tie on the middle of the game. The last quarter had ended scored to the lions-23-25.Experience of an aspiring teacherBy Mhay L. LauronAmbition is part and parcel of everyones life. It serves as a guiding star that lights our way to triumph. I never expected to be future teacher someday, but as time passes by, the feeling of organism a future educator someday had eventually embraced me I grew up in a poor family, my father was a farmer and we are 10 in the family. I know the situation that we have during that time. I was the youngest but still the faith that I have in my heart is to help my parents in return of their sacrifices that they had. It is the farthest school which is 12- 14 kilometers walking distance from our house. For me this was only a start of my life. The next level of my life in school was tout ensemble a great sacrifice.It is now my college life. There are times in that I am about to cry because the boredom and longing for my family. I had to be strong and forget the loneliness instead I focused on my studies. As an aspiring teacher, I worked hard for it. All my pains and sacrifices resulted in a reward. This is now the time that 6months from now I am about to graduate in this university. West Visayas State University- Lambunao Campus. I guess theres always a first time for everything no matter how old we are. For the last semester a series of First followed* This was my first to handle a class wit h different pupils. * First time to experience a pupil that urinated and eliminated his waste while the class was going on. * First time to have a pupil who goes abode in tears without any reason at all. * Lastly , I had for the first time a parent scolded me for making her child upset because I scolded him for being absent in my class and teasing his other classmates to make noise inside the classroom. Based on my own experiences, I learned a lot of things after the OJT and it really transforms me to a new creature. Well I guess this was the most essential part of being an aspiring teacher. To exploreand to specify what is going on in our new environment. That is a specialty of a teacher that no one could ever had. Lastly, I would say that poverty is not an obstacle to higher education but a mere challenge to fight for a professional survival and achieve your dreams in your most master way

Martin Luther King Memorial in Yerba Buena Gardens Essay

Situated on the corner of 4th St. and Mission St., in downtown San Francisco is Yerba Buena Gardens. Sounds from the hustle and bickering of cars driving and people walking permeate Yerba Buena Gardens, except in one particular location. In one corner of the gardens stands a Martin Luther world-beater Jr. recollection. The memorial is breathtakingly beautiful with a fifty foot high and twenty foot wide peeingfall that falls over Sierra granite. In the Memorials hallway, visitors read quotes from Dr. King himself that be engraved on glass panels and set in granite. The physical beauty of the memorial is undeniable, however many people are not aware of the symbolism lying beneath the memorials surface. The memorials pissfall symbolizes the realization of Dr. Kings dreams the realization of Dr. Kings dream, the tears shed by millions and of the voices of African AmericasThe memorial also reminds us of the oppressed African Americans whose voices were drowned out ignored yet, it is apparent that society was pushed rearwards in the race to equation with the mandatory evacuation of thousands of people due to the development of the Yerba Buena Gardens. King Jr. dreamt that all human beings, regardless of skin color, ordain one day be able to live in a completely free, just, and non-discriminatory society. It was his dream of an equal society that pushed Martin Luther King Jr. to become an urge for universal suffrage. Even though the coupled States already had universal suffrage, unfair literacy tests and poll taxes plagued the voting process and disqualified nearly all impoverished AfricanAmericans from voting 1. King wanted a colorblind society a society where all human beings are treated equally and respectfully and given up the analogous personal liberties and political freedom. Martin Luther King argued, in his I Have a Dream speech, that we are not satisfied until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream 2. This quote from Dr. Kings speech is inscribed on the right end wall of the memorial. later on reading the final inscribed quote, it is apparent that the purpose of the waterfall is to signify the realization of Martin Luther Kings dream of a just society. Justice , The United States Martin Luther Kings dream of justice in todays society a monumental victory of justice over prejudice. It is so idle to for occur about what it took for America to become a truly free and nondiscriminatory nation. The mists are a necessary monitoring device for people in todays society that personal liberty and political freedom should never be taken for granted.Though Yerba Buena Gardens is situated in downtown San Francisco, a busy urban center filled with loud noises, the memorial itself is peculiarly quiet and calm. The memorials serenity is due to the overpowering, yet surprisingly tranquil sound of the rushing water from the waterfall. The power of the waterfall to drown out all exterior noise is phenomenal. I t is impossible to even hear what someone is saying when they are right next to you. Visitors try to overcome the sound of the rushing water by screaming or whistling, but are unsuccessful. Independent from lifes distractions, visitors are given the opportunity to absorb all that the memorial and Dr. Kings words have to offer. Visitors can take this time to self-reflect and to appreciate the efforts of earlier generations fighting for equality during our nations infancy. The undeniable strength of the waterfalls sound to obscure all external noise makes Being incapable of expressing feelings or thoughts leaves an unacquainted(predicate) and dreadful sensation. People sustentation in todays society are usually ignorant to this unfamiliar, almost claustrophobic feeling of screaming at the top of your lungs without a single person acknowledging your frustrations.During our nations history, however, nearly all African Americans struggled with this same frustration. Helpless against t he white minority, blacks throughout history struggled to get their concerns addressed and their votes counted. The visitors inability to communicate vocally is short-lived and fortunately, only lasts as long as it takes for the person to walk through the memorial. African Americans, however, were plagued with powerlessness for hundreds of years. Martin Luther King Jr. felt obliged to provide a voice for all African Americans stripped of the right to do so on their own. Due to the hard work of Martin Luther King, civil rights leaders and activists, and President Johnson, on August 6, 1965 the Voting Rights Act was signed into law, which banned the use of literacy tests and also requisite stricter monitoring of the use of poll taxes in state and local elections 3. Finally, the time had come when African Americans could voice their opinions and have them be heard, and vote for the political essential whom carried similar beliefs and morals. The development of the Yerba Buena Garden s, as part of the Urban Renewal Project was not always considered to be something positive and beneficial.During the 1950s, city planners forced thousands of people living in the South of Market area out of their homes, arguing that the area was dangerous Skid Row ripe for redevelopment, populated by bums and transients whose fate mattered petite 4. City planners left out the important fact that many people who lived in this area were elderly and poor and had little defense against the federal dozer 5. The city did try and relocate as many people as possible, but only had 276 units of new housing to replace thousands of demolished units. Thousands were left unsettled and kicked out of possibly the only home they have ever known and will ever know, due to lack of job skills needed to find employment. The ridicule of placing a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial, a man who advocated for equality and justice until his assassination, on land where thousands of impoverished people were ev icted just a couple years earlier, is almost too horrific to comprehend.The hypocrisy in the decision to place this memorial at the Yerba Buena Gardens is undeniable and unforgiveable. The memorials waterfall is a reminder of the relentless adversity that plagued millions of blacks for thousands of years and the tears they shed. The waterfall also symbolizes the realization of Dr. Kings dream. The eviction methods used during the Urban Renewal period to notice the land where the memorial sits were ethically questionable, however it is still important to visit this monument from time to time. The memorial stands there in the pump of Yerba Buena Gardens, in the middle of downtown San Francisco, as a silent, yet constant reminder to never take anything for granted and to always remember the blood, sweat, and tears shed by millions in order for people today to enjoy and exercise the complete personal liberty and political freedom that we are so fortunately blessed with.

Funny Persuasive Speech

Evaluate whether its worth it to lie to your teacher. If you argon already at school and scarce forgot to do it, then youre probably out of luck here. But if you are at home the darkness before and proficient dont want to do your homework, deal about your options. Teachers are generally forgiving of those students who forget their homework on rare roles they get mad at those ones who repeatedly forget. So, before you decide not to do your homework and to obtain up with an excuse instead, ask yourself whether its worth it to waste your teachers patience on this assignment. After all, there may come a time where you really affect to use an excuse.Dont just take the easy way out now if it will cost you later. But formerly you engage decided that you need an excuse 2 Spend time thinking about possible explanations that sound believable. In other words, these will need to be things which could realistically and likely occur with anyone (regardless of whether or not they are act ually true) that the teacher, who gave you the assignment, is not likely to easily dismiss away in their thinker as nonsense. A good way to start might be to ask yourself what kind of excuse would personally sound believable to you, or instead ask a trusted person you know for ideas.Some examples of what might work include The good old My dog ate my homework excuse. If you dont have a dog, this one certainly wont work, but keep in mind that you can use a friends dog, especially if you had a friend with her pet come all oer the last couple days. Better yet, take a piece of scratch paper or notebook paper, and tear it up into a few sizes of chunks ranging itty-bitty to large. If you really want to trick them out, go to a joke store and buy a package of fake dog drool, only fifteen cents cost worthy. Rub the drool over the pieces of paper, leaving it a little wet but not too soaked.If you dont want to buy the fake drool just use water. Tell your teacher that you had an extremity a t your house at the time you would have normally finished the work, and thats the reason why on this occasion its not been done. Saying youve had other homework assignments which clashed with the deadline date for this one, and that this got in the way (its advisable to ask nicely for a deadline extension after). Saying that you accidentally lose the homework instructions, and havent realised it until now. For essays, say that you cant get it printed because your printer is running out of ink or you left it in the printer.For online assignments, tell them that your computer crashed last night or your internet got cut off. For homework assignment that requires a book, tell them that you left the book at home or in your locker. 3 venture about how your teacher could find out that you are lying. If you go to a smaller school, make sure not to use the same excuse over and over again, because it is likely that other teachers already know that you have used an excuse. Also, think abou t whether the teacher could possibly talk to anyone else who could reveal your lie.For example, if you use the family emergency excuse, think about whether the teacher is likely to call your parents to confirm your story. Adjust your excuse accordingly. 4 Prepare to not be believed. Your teacher has likely perceive a thousand excuses before, so prepared when he or she questions your excuse. Come up with an interesting back-story that is detailed but not too crazy. If you get offensive and stumble over your words when your teacher questions you, then he or she is not likely to believe that you are telling the truth. 5Prepare to come up with even so more excuses. If, for example, you say that your printer was broken and you could not print your assignment, your teacher will probably ask you why you didnt email it to a friend and have them print it out. In this case, be ready to make up another excuse, and maybe a few more after that. This applies to many of the examples listed abov e, such as forgetting your book or having your computer crash. 6 Be polite and pitiable. When you tell your teacher that you did not do your homework, be as polite and regretful as possible.Offer to have it in ASAP, and beg for forgiveness. Also, portray yourself as the victim of the situation. Shift blame to your dog, computer, etc. , as long as it is shifted away from you. It may be helpful in this situation to cry, if you can manage good fake tears. 7 Stick to your story. Your teacher might not believe you, but if you are convincing and committed, it will be hard for them to know for sure that you are lying. However, be prepared to work extra-hard for at least a couple of weeks to concern your teachers trust.

Services Marketing

Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Australasian Marketing Journal ledger homepage www. elsevier. com/locate/amj How the local competition defeated a global snitch The case of Starbucks Paul G. Patterson *, Jane Scott, Mark D. Uncles School of Marketing, Australian School of Business, Univer ragy of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Americanised the deep brown usance. Keywords Service scars Service quality Global stigmatiseing International business Starbucks java bean The astounding growth and elaborateness of Starbucks is disc havelined, both on a global scale and deep down Australia. The focus accordingly shifts to the abrupt closure of ternary-quarters of the Australian interjects in mid 2008.Several reasons for these closures be draw and examined, including that Starbucks overestimated their points of differentiation and the perceived value of their supplementary operate thei r service standards declined they ignored about golden rules of transnational market plazaing they inflateed excessively readily and forced themselves upon an un forgeting habitual they entered late into a exceedingly militant market they failed to communicate the brand and their business model was unsustainable.Key littleons that may go beyond the speci? cs of the Starbucks case atomic tot up 18 the importance of undertaking market research and taking none of it thinking glob on the wholey but acting locally riging a differential prefer and then striving to sustain it not losing sight of what makes a brand successful in the ? rst place and the necessity of having a sustainable business model.O 2009 Australian and sassy Zealand Marketing Academy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Shunned Starbucks in Aussie exit (BBC News, 4 August 2008) then shifts focus to describe the limit of the store closures in Australia, before fling several rea sons for the failure and lessons that separates power learn from the case. 2.Background Weak coffee and large debt stir Starbucks troubles in Australia (The Australian, 19 August 2008) Memo Starbucks following(a) time try selling ice to Eskimos (The Age, 3 August 2008) Taste of defeat for the mugs from Starbucks (Sydney Morning Herald, 31 July 2008) Coffee farming grinds Starbucks Australian operation (Yahoo News, 3 August 2008) When the announcement was do in mid 2008 that Starbucks would be closing nearly three-quarters of its 84 Australian stores there was mixed reaction. approximately mickle were shocked, other(a)s were triumphant.Journalists use e genuinely pun in the book to create a sensational headline, and it seemed everyone had a theory as to what went terms. This case outlines the astounding growth and expansion of the Starbucks brand demes refreshedide, including to Australia. It * Corresponding author. Tel. +61 2 9385 1105. E-mail addresses p. emailprotected e du. au (P. G. Patterson), emailprotected com. au (J. Scott), m. emailprotected edu. au (M. D. Uncles). Founded in 1971, Starbucks ? rst store was in Seattles Pike Place Market.By the time it went worldly concern in 1992, it had 140 stores and was expanding at a breakneck pace, with a developing store count of an extra 4060% a grade. Whilst former chief executive officer Jim Donald claimed that we dont want to take over the world, during the 1990s and early 2000s, Starbucks were uncovereding on medium at least one store a day (Palmer, 2008). In 2008 it was claimed to be crack s so far stores a day worldwide. Not surprisingly, Starbucks is at one time the largest coffee chain operator in the world, with to a greater extent than than 15,000 stores in 44 countries, and in 2007, accounted for 39% of the worlds total specialist offee house sales (Euromonitor, 2008a). In North America alone, it serves 50 jillion masses a week, and is straight an indelible part of the urban lan dscape. But reasonable how did Starbucks become such a phenomenon? Firstly, it successfully Americanised the European coffee tradition something no other coffee house had done oldly. Before Starbucks, coffee in its current form (latte, frappacino, mocha, etc. ) was alien to more than or less US consumers. Secondly, Starbucks did not provided sell coffee it sold an go.As founding CEO Howard Schultz explained, We are not in the coffee business serving battalion, were in the people business serving coffee (Schultz and Yang, 1997). This epitomised the emphasis on client service such as making eye contact and greeting each customer within 5 seconds, 1441-3582/$ see front matter O 2009 Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi10. 1016/j. ausmj. 2009. 10. 001 42 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 leaning tables promptly and remembering the names of regular customers. From inception, Sta rbucks purpose was to reinvent a commodity with a comprehend of romance, atmosphere, sophistication and sense of community (Schultz and Yang, 1997). Next, Starbucks created a third gear place in peoples lives somewhere between home and work where they could sit and relax. This was a novelty in the US where in m either an(prenominal) small towns cafe culture consisted of ? lter coffee on a hot plate. In this way, Starbucks positioned itself to not only sell coffee, but in like manner offer an pay back.It was conceived as a lifestyle cafe. The establishment of the cafe as a social hub, with comfortable chairs and medication has been on the nose as important a part of the Starbucks brand as its coffee. All this came with a superior price. While people were aware that the beverages at Starbucks were more expensive than at some cafes, they still frequented the out permits as it was a place to see and be seen. In this way, the brand was widely accepted and became, to an extent, a image of status, and everyones must- catch memory accessory on their way to work. So, not only didStarbucks revolutionise how Americans drank coffee, it overly revolutionised how much people were prepared to pay. Consistency of fruition across stores, and take down national boundaries, has been a hallmark of Starbucks. Like McDonalds, Starbucks claims that a customer should be able to visit a store anywhere in the world and debase a coffee exactly to speci? cation. This sentiment is echoed by Mark Ring, CEO of Starbucks Australia who stated consistency is trustworthyly important to our customers . . . a consistency in the product . . . the overall experience when you walk into a cafe . . the music . . . the lighting . . . the furniture . . . the person who is working the bar. So, whilst there might be disregard differences between Starbucks in different countries, they all generally look the same and offer the same product assortment. One way this is ensured is by insisti ng that all managers and partners (employees) undergo 13 weeks of training not just to learn how to make a coffee, but to understand the nuances of the Starbucks brand (Karolefski, 2002) and how to deliver on its prognosticate of a service experience.The Starbucks formula also depends on location and convenience. Starbucks arrive at worked under the arrogance that people are not going to visit unless its convenient, and it is this assumption that underlies their highly concentrated store coverage in many cities. Typically, clusters of outlets are opened, which has the effect of saturating a neighbourhood with the Starbucks brand. Interestingly, until recently, they have not engaged in traditionalistic advertize, believing their large store presence and word-ofmouth to be all the advertising and forward motion they need.Starbucks management believed that a distinctive and memorable brand, a product that made people feel trade good and an enjoyable delivery channel would creat e repeat business and customer loyalty. Faced with near-saturation conditions in the US by 2007 it commanded 62% of the specialist coffee shop market in North America ( accede 1) the company has increasingly looked overseas for growth opportunities. As part of this dodge, Starbucks opened its ? rst Australian store in Sydney in 2000, before expanding elsewhere within New South Wales and then nationwide (albeit with 0% of stores concentrated in just three states NSW, capital of Seychelles and Queensland). By the end of 2007 Starbucks had 87 stores, enabling it to control 7% of the specialist coffee shop market in Australasia (Table 1). By 2008, consumer awareness of Starbucks in Australia was 90% (Shoebridge, 2008), with each outlet selling, on average, double the number of coffees (270 a day) than the rest of Australias coffee shops (Lindhe, 2008). 3. Expansion into Asia Starbucks currently operates in 44 markets and compensate has a small presence in Paris birthplace and strong hold of European cafe culture. Beyond North America, it has a very signi? ant percentage of the specialist coffee shop market in Western Europe, Asia Paci? c and Latin America (Table 1) and these regions make strong revenue contributions (Table 2). It is in Asia that they see the most potential for growth as they face increasing competitive pressure in their more traditional markets. Half the international stores Starbucks plans to operate in the conterminous decade get out be in Asia (Euromonitor, 2006 Browning, 2008). Indeed, Starbucks has done well in international markets where there has not traditionally been a coffee drinking culture, namely Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and China.In effect it has been responsible for growing the category in these markets. The ? rst Starbucks after-school(prenominal) the US opened in Tokyo in 1996, and since then, Starbucks Japanese stores have become twice as profitable as the US stores. Unsurprisingly then, Japan is Starbucks best performi ng overseas market outside North America. More than deoxycytidine monophosphate new stores open each year in Japan, and coffee is now more popular than tea in terms of both volume and value (Lee, 2003 see also Uncles, 2008).As opposed to their entry into the Australian market, Starbucks made small changes to its formula for the Japanese market for example, the invention of a green tea frappucino, and the provision of smaller drinks and pastries to accommodate to local tastes. Starbucks arrived in China in 1998 and by 2002 had 50 outlets, and 165 outlets by 2006 (BBC News, 2006), rapidly becoming the nations leading coffee chain. Starbucks now sees China as its key growth market ascribable to the size and preferences of the emerging middle class. In the AsiaPaci? region, Starbucks command of the specialist coffee shop market grew from 15% in 2002 to 19% in 2007 (refer to Table 2). The total market for cafes in China grew by over 135% between 1999 and 2004 to reach US$2. 6 billion . It is projected to grow another 144% by 2008 to reach US$6. 4 billion in sales. More specialty coffee shops are opening across China as a middle class with strong purchasing power emerges, although this rise in coffee consumption is highly concentrated in large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Starbucks has said that it xpects China to become its biggest market after the US and the plan is to open 100 stores a year (Euromonitor, 2006). Signi? dissimulationly, certain Western brands are valued by Chinese consumers and Starbucks appears to be one of them. A growing number of Chinas 500 million urbanites favour Starbucks for its ambience, which is seen as an important signal of service quality, Table 2 Starbucks regional sales motion by outlets and value 2006. realm North America Asia Paci? c Western Europe Australasia World % of company sales (outlets) 79. 0 13. 6. 7 1. 1 100. 0 % of company sales (revenue in $US) 80. 5 10. 8 7. 7 1. 0 100. 0 Table 1 Starbucks shar e of the specialist coffee shop market in each major(ip) region. Region North America Western Europe Asia Paci? c Australasia Latin America Source Euromonitor (2008b). 2002 (%) 44 17 15 6 0 2007 (%) 62 21 19 7 18 Source Percentage of company sales in each region is calculated from retail sales within this market in 2006, with sales data drawn from Euromonitor (2007). P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 43 nd Starbucks design fancy rests easily with Chinas consumers, who tend to lounge with friends while sipping coffee. Its outlets in China frequently maintain larger seating areas than average outlets in other countries, and plush chairs and davenports are provided to accommodate crowds that linger. However, success for Starbucks in China is not a given, and they will face several challenges in the coming years. Chinas accession to the WTO has led to the gradual relaxation of the policy governing foreign-owned retail outlets, and this will lead to more foreign investment and thereby competition (Lee, 2004).Several multinationals are engaged in selling coffee (including KFC, McDonalds, Yoshinoya, and Manabe), and a number of local brands have recently emerged, some even imitating Starbucks distinctive green and white logotype and its in-store ambience (notably Xingbake in Shanghai). Furthermore, the reduction of import tariffs on coffee will also encourage foreign investment in coffee. 4. The Australian retail coffee industry Australias taste for coffee is a by-product of the waves of immigrants arriving on the countrys shores following World War II. European migrants, predominantly Greeks and Italians, were the ? st to establish the coffee culture, which was later embraced more widely in the 1980s. For decades Australians enjoyed a variation of the lifestyle coffee experience that Starbucks created from scratch in the US. Australians did not need to be introduced to the concept of coffee as many other countries did. Savourin g a morning form of coffee was already a ritual for many consumers. It is funfair to describe Australias coffee culture as mature and sophisticated, so when Starbucks entered Australia in 2000, a thriving urban cafe culture was already in place.This effected culture dictum Australians typically patronise smaller boutique style coffee shops, with people willing to travel out of their way for a favoured cup of coffee, specially in Melbourne where coffee has true an almost cult-like following. For Australians, coffee is as much about relationships as it is about the product, suggesting that an impersonal, global chain experience would have trouble replicating the intimacy, personalisation and familiarity of a suburban boutique cafe.Furthermore, through years of coffee drinking, many Australians, unlike American or Asian consumers, have developed a sophisticated palate, enjoying their coffee straighter and stronger, and without the need to disguise the taste with ? avoured, syrupy shots. This love of coffee is easily quanti? ed. The Australian market is worth $3 billion, of which $1. 8 billion relates to the coffee retailing market. For every cup of coffee consumed out of home, two cups are consumed at home (AustralAsian Specialty Coffee Association, 2006). Per capita consumption is now estimated at 2. kg-twice as much as 30 years ago. Whilst Australians are among the highest consumers of instant coffee in the world, they are increasingly purchasing coffee out of the home (Euromonitor, 2008c). More than 1 billion cups of coffee are consumed in cafes, restaurants and other outlets each year, representing an increase of 65% over the last 10 years. til now between 2000 and 2005, exchange sales of coffee have increased about 18%. In 2007, the growth in popularity of the cafe culture resulted in trade volume sales growing at an annual rate of 5%.Some 31% of the coffee sold through foodservice is takeaway, and it is thought that fast coffee will be a growth are a in future years (Euromonitor, 2008d). There is also a trend towards larger takeaway sizes, with 400 ml cups increasing in popularity (Euromonitor, 2008d). One might argue that Starbucks drove these trends, especially in regards to larger sizes. There are almost 14,000 cafes and restaurants serving a mannikin of coffee types in Australia, and during 2006/07, they generated $9. 7 billion in income (Australian delegacy of Statistics, 2008).However, despite these statistics, the coffee business does not guarantee success. As Paul Irvine, co-founder of Gloria blue jeans notes, Australia is a tough retail market and coffee retailing is particularly tough. According to of? cial statistics, the cafe business is not always pro? table, with the net pro? tability of cafes falling to about 4%. For a cafe to be successful, it has to offer marginally better coffee than local competitors, and do so consistently. Coffee drinkers in Australia are discerning, and they will go out of their way t o purchase a good cup of coffee.They are not as easily persuaded as people from other countries precisely to visit their nearest cafe. Secondly, for a cafe to make a pro? t, it needs to turn over 15 kg of coffee a week. The national average is 11 kg, so a cafe has to be above average to begin with to even make a pro? t. Any newcomer needs to understand this before entering the market. The other signi? cant constraint on pro? tability is the cost of hiring baristas, with a good one costing between $1000 and $1500 a week (Charles, 2007). However, it seems that this is a necessary cost in order to deliver a superior product.The indecision that then begs to be asked is How well did Starbucks understand this existing coffee culture? Did they under-estimate the relational aspect of coffee purchasing in Australia, as well as the importance of the quality of ingredients and the skills of the person making each cup? Did they overestimate the value consumers attach to the in-store experienc e and the third place concept? Or did they just look at the statistics regarding coffee consumption and think that operating in Australia was a license to print money? Did they simply see Australia as the neighboring logical step to global domination?Starbucks has 87% of the US specialty coffee shop market, and only now is it beginning to feel pressure from non-traditional competitors such as Dunkin Donut, 7 Eleven, McCafe and Krispy Kreme (Burritt, 2007). However, in Australia, the competitive landscape is different. Gloria Jeans dominates the high-street part of the coffee retailing market and McCafe dominates the convenience end (Shoebridge, 2008). Other signi? cant competitors include The Coffee Club and Wild Bean Cafe (an add-on to BP petrol stations) and Hudsons Coffee (see Table 3).All offer a similar in-store experience to Starbucks, with McCafe from 2007 onwards refurbishing many McDonalds stores to imitate the Starbucks experience, albeit at the economy end of the market. 5. Growth grinds to a halt . . . store closures In recent times still things have started to go wrong for Starbucks. Internationally, company earnings declined as cashstrapped consumers faced record petrol prices and rising interest rates meaning they have had to take in back on gourmet coffee and other luxuries. Sales beastly 50% in the last 2 years, the US share price fell more than 40% over the past year and pro? s dropped 28% (Bawden, 2008 Coleman-Lochner and Stanford, 2008 Mintz, 2008). Consequently, Howard Schultz, the founder and chairman of Starbucks, resumed the position of CEO in 2008 with the aim of renewing the business. He slowed the pace at which stores were opened (and in fact closed more stores than he will open in the coming year), introduced key performance targets (KPTs) and an employee rewards system in the US, and simultaneously shut down every store in America for three and a half hours of staff training (Muthukumar and Jain, 2008).Customer-oriented initia tives have included the addition of more food, the launch of the Starbucks card and Starbucks express, and the provision of highspeed wi-? internet access (Hota, 2008). Notably, Schultz acknowledges that the companys focus has been more on expansion than on customer service the very thing that was at the heart of its singular value proposition. 44 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 Table 3 Competition in the Australian specialty coffee chain market (chains arranged in order of the number of stores operating in Australia).Number of stores in Australia Gloria Jeans 500 Year established in Australia 1996 Business model Price of an espresso coffee (e. g. , ? at white, cappuccino) Regular $3. 25 small-scale $3. 25 Standard $3. 40 Regular $3. 40 Small $3. 10 Tall $3. 60 Performance highlights and lowlights Franchise Overall Winner, 2005 Franchisor of the Year Sales rosebush 18% to an estimated $240 m for 07/08 driven by new stores and growth from existing stores The fastest growing cafe brand in Australia and NZ Number of stores up from 60 in 2002 Winner, 2008 Food Franchisor of the Year The number of stores reported here includes NZ Plans to open more sitesMcCafe Coffee Club Wild Bean Cafe 488 220 105 1993 1989 2004 Some store-owned, some franchise Franchise Part of a franchise with Wild Bean Cafe (BP) Connect Franchise Store-owned Hudsons Starbucks 45 23 1998 2000 Plans to expand store numbers by 2030% 08/09 Prior to closures in August 2008 there were 84 stores had a perceived lower quality product Sources Various company reports as at the end of 2008. However, it seems that these measures were too late for the Australian operation. On 29th July 2008, Starbucks announced that it would be closing 61 of its 84 Australian stores (i. . , 73%) by August 2008, resulting in a loss of 685 jobs. All of these stores had been under-performing (8 were in SA, ACT and Tasmania, 28 in NSW, 17 in Victoria and 8 in Queensland). This decline of Starbucks in Australia was not as sudden as many would have us believe and in fact some reports (Edwards and Sainsbury, 2008 Shoebridge, 2008) indicated that by late 2007 Starbucks already had accumulated losses of $143 million a loss of $36 million for that ? nancial year illogical $27. 6 million the previous ? nancial year loans of $72. million from Starbucks in the US was only surviving because of its US parents support. Whilst the troubled economy might seem an promiscuous scapegoat, with people tightening their belts and eating out less, it is unlikely that this was the core problem as evidenced by the continuing growth of their competitors. Indeed, coffee is no longer considered a luxury item by many Australians, but rather an affordable part of their daily routine. Instead, there is substantial evidence to suggest a number of factors combined to bring about Starbucks demise. . 1. Starbucks overestimated their points of differentiation and customer perceived value of their supplementary services I just think the whole system, the way they serve, just didnt appeal to the culture we have here Andrew Mackay, VP of the Australian Coffee Traders Association, in Martin (2008) Whilst there was initial curiosity and hype about Starbucks, after nerve-wracking it, many Australians quickly found that it failed to offer a particularly unique experience that was not offered by other chains or cafes.Given the strong established coffee culture and discerning palates of Australians, the core product coffee was not seen as particularly different from, say, a latte or short drab from a good suburban barista, Gloria Jeans or Coffee Club. Its point of difference in Australia, where a coffee culture already existed, had to be in its supplementary or value-adding services i. e. , its unique servicescape, engaging customer service, brand image and so on (Lovelock et al. , 2007).But was this worth a premium price, especially as the competition began repl icating Starbucks in-store experience? Starbucks has since been harshly criticised by Australian consumers and the media. Their coffee has been variously described as a watered down product, gimmicky, and consisting of buckets of draw. These are not the labels you would choose to describe a coffee that aspires to be seen as a gourmet product. It has also been criticised for its uncompetitive pricing, even being described as one of the most over-priced products the world has ever seen (Martin, 2008).Even the idea of the third place has come under criticism wherefore would you want to sit just about a pretend lounge room drinking a weak and expensive coffee when you can go around the corner and have the real thing? (Wailes, 2008). It seems that Starbucks rapid expansion, its omnipresence, somewhat standardised store design and recent insistence on staff achieving various sales KPTs (key performance targets) such as serving x customers per hour, all combined to diminish the instor e experience. The introduction of sales targets for front-line These closures saw 23 stores kept open in prime locations in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.But this begs the call into question can a 23-store chain be viable for the brand in the long-term? Based on the approximate numbers in Table 3, Starbucks had a 6% share of stores in Australia before the closures this has now fallen to a share below 2%. Even before the closures, Australasia represented only 1% of company sales (Table 2) and now the ? gure is expected to be much lower. This may not make much commercial sense as it will be dif? cult to achieve economies of scale in terms of market and purchasing, and such small numbers are totally out of step with the clustering strategy adopted in its strongest markets the US, Japan and China.However, it could also be argued that with Starbucks strategy of global domination, it is unlikely that it will ever close its Australian business entirely. Whilst Starbucks management have been keen to suggest that this decision represents business challenges unique to the Australian market and in no way re? ects the state of the Starbucks business in countries outside of the United States, the US market has also suffered. By September 2008, 600 stores had closed (or were due for closure), with about 12,000 workers, or 7% of Starbucks global workforce affected (Mintz, 2008).It should be noted that the situation in the US has only worsened as a result of the global ? nancial crisis. 6. So what went wrong? Opinions abound as to why Starbucks failed in Australia. Our research suggests there is some truth to many of these opinions. P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 45 employees, for example, meant staff and baristas had less time to engage with customers. It began to stray too far from its roots and the very values upon which the brand was built.Some of these actions were forced upon Starbucks by emerging competitors seeking to imitat e the brand, and thus gain a slice of the ever growing lifestyle coffee market. Starbucks points of differentiation were systematically being eroded and, in a sense, the brand that taught the world that coffee is not a commodity was itself becoming one. 6. 2. Declining service quality The brand has also come under ? re for declining customer service as it continued to expand. For example, the quality of baristas is said to have declined as Starbucks widened its pool of applicants in order to meet demand at new stores.Can a 17 year old high school student in truth compete with a boutique trained barista with a passion for coffee? By not offering a better experience and product than emerging direct competitors, Starbucks found itself undermined by countless high street cafes and other chains that were selling stronger brews at lower prices and often offering better or equal hospitality. Whilst they may have pioneered the idea of a third place, it was an easy idea to copy, and even ea sier to better by offering superior coffee, ambience and service.Now, with so many coffee chains around, Starbucks have little point of differentiation, even wi-? internet access has become commonplace across all types of cafe. Furthermore, while customers were offered promotional rewards for returning to Starbucks, the card-based scheme is no more sophisticated than equivalent me-too cards at Gloria Jeans, Coffee Club, Hudsons and many independent cafes. And as noted earlier, one of the things that set Starbucks apart from the competition i. e. , acknowledging customers (often by name for regulars) within a fewer seconds of entering the store and eriously engaging with them, began to unravel when Starbucks imposed both customer service and sales targets for its cafes. The imposition of these targets plus an ever widening range and complexity of coffees to remember and make to perfection, meant staff morale and inevitably customer service levels declined. In fact in the USA some staff were so disenchant with the imposition of sales targets (because it meant they simply didnt have time to engage with customers) they posted blogs openly stating that Starbucks had lost its way.Finally, it appears that Starbucks were not even delivering on their core promise of serving superior coffee in comfortable surroundings, thus absolveing its premium price. By transposition to vacuum packaged coffee, consumers are denied the store-? lling aroma of the coffee beans. The switching of traditional coffee machines to automated espresso machines (which can make coffees 40% faster and move customers through the lines more quickly), has also resulted in a loss of field of operation (Grove et al. , 2000) for people wanting to see their coffee made that way and has also had implications for taste.In-store, it has been noted that there are fewer soft chairs and less carpeting, and Starbucks recently lost ground in the service and surroundings category of the Brand Keys 2007 Cust omer Loyalty Engagement Index (Cebrzynski, 2008). It seems that Starbucks is now less about the quality of the coffee, and is more about the convenience of faster service and being on every corner whilst still charging a premium. 6. 3. Starbucks ignored some golden rules of international marketing Ironically, it seems that the very thing that made Starbucks successful in the ? st place, its ability to adjust the original (European) business model and coffee tradition to local (US) conditions, is the thing that let it down. Whilst Starbucks has made minor changes to its menu in countries such as Japan and Saudi Arabia, it generally offers the same products all around the world. When the company came to Australia, it brought its American offering, simply bringing what worked in the US and applying it here, without really understanding the local market.But with more than 235 ethnicities speaking more than 270 languages and dialects, companies wanting to get ahead in Australia need to be aware that they are not dealing with one homogeneous market. Unfortunately what worked in the US was bitter, weak coffee augmented by extensive quantities of draw and sweet ? avoured syrups. Not so much coffee, as hot coffee-based smoothies. For the Australian consumer raised on a diet of real espresso, this was always going to be a tough sell (Mescall, 2008) As McDonalds Australia chief executive Peter Bush noted, US retailers that have had trouble making it work in Australia (e. . , Starbucks, Dennys, Arbys, Taco Bell) are those that have introduced formulae developed for US palates and for the US way of doing business . . . These formulae have, at best, modest relevance in Australia. Peter Irvine, co-founder of Gloria Jeans, also noted that US retailers often arrive in Australia thinking the size of their overseas chains and the strength of their brands in other markets will make it easy for them to crack the local market. Their focus is on global domination rather than the needs of the local consumers.Further, there is a strong sense in Australia of purchasing local, supporting the community, having relationships with the people you buy from, and supporting ethically-minded businesses. Starbucks clashed completely with that, whereas local stores can differentiate themselves as being local and non-corporate. Furthermore, some would argue that Starbucks has become a caricature of the American way of life and many Australians reject that iconography. Many are simply not interested in the super-size culture of the extra-large cups, nor want to be associated with a product that is constantly in the hands of movie stars. . 4. Expanding too quickly and forcing themselves upon an unwilling public In the US, Starbucks started in Seattle as a atomic number 53 store. In a nation bereft of a genuine cafe culture, that single store captured peoples imagination, and soon became a second store, quickly followed by a third. Before long, Starbucks had become a deman d-driven phenomenon, with everyone wanting a Starbucks in their local area. McDonalds grew exactly the same way in Australia, opening just one or two stores in each city nowhere near enough to meet demand thus creating an almost arti? ial scarcity, which created huge buzz around the brand experience. Krispy Kreme did the same. But when Starbucks opened in Australia, they immediately tried to impose themselves with multiple store openings in every city adopting the US-model of expansion through store clusters. Australians were not given a chance to discover it. As Mescall (2008) points out they took key sites, hung huge signs, made us order coffee in sizes and gave the coffees weird names. Starbucks said to us thats not how you drink coffee. This s how you drink coffee. They took the Coca-Cola strategy of being available wherever people looked, but this quickly led to market saturation. Their expansion did not hurt their competitors so much as themselves, and they found themselve s cannibalising their own stores. Furthermore, by becoming too common, the company violated the economic principles of cultural scarcity and the novelty wore off. By having too many outlets, becoming too commercial and too widely used, it began to lose its initial appeal of status and exclusivity.It began to have a mass brand feel, certainly not the warm feeling of a neighbourhood cafe. Furthermore, they became more reliant 46 P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 on less af? uent consumers who now, with a worsening economy, are spending less, making Starbucks more vulnerable to economic ? uctuations. 6. 5. Entering late into a highly competitive market In America, Starbucks is a state of mind. In Australia, it was simply another player. Barry Urquhart, quoted in Delaney (2008) From Day 1, Starbucks got off on the back foot.They lacked the ? rst-mover advantage they had in the US and Asia, ? nding themselves the late entrant in an already very devel oped, sophisticated and competitive market. Indeed, the competitive landscape in the Australian retail coffee market is very different to that of other countries. Here, Starbucks found themselves competing with hundreds of independent cafes and speciality coffee chains (see Table 3), where the coffee was generally better and the staff knew their customers by name. Signi? cantly, they were also the last of the major chains to gain a presence in Australia. 6. 6.Failing to communicate the brand Worldwide, Starbucks rarely employs above-the-line promotion, and this was also the case in Australia. Instead, they maintained that their stores are the core of the business and that they do not need to build the brand through advertising or promotion. Howard Shultz often preached, Build the (Starbucks) brand one cup at a time, that is, rely on the customer experience to generate word-of-mouth, loyalty and new business. But in a market as competitive as Australia, with a consumer whose palate i s discerning and whose loyalty often lies with a speci? barista, advertising and promotion was essential to communicate the Starbucks message. The issue is not so much about building awareness which, at 90%, is high but to communicate what the brand means and to give consumers reasons for patronising Starbucks. Their lack of advertising made this branding issue even worse, with many people unable to articulate why they should be loyal to Starbucks. At the same time, competitors were communicating their messages very effectively McDonalds, for instance, is a heavy spending, award-winning, advertiser in the Australian market.Added to which, more subversive counter-messages were coming from those who saw in Starbucks a brand bully riding rough shod over the nuanced tastes and preferences of local cultures (Klein, 2000 Clark, 2008). In other words, a range of strong opposition messages were undermining Starbucks own very limited communications. 6. 7. Unsustainable business model Sta rbucks product line is limited primarily to coffee. Sometimes a new product idea will be developed, such as the Frappucino, but these tend to have limited product life cycles and/or are seasonal.For example, the Frappucino has traditionally made up 15% of (summer) sales, but recently sales have been down, suggesting that customers are already bored with it (Kiviat, 2008). Furthermore, in the instance where other products were offered, people failed to purchase them as they only really associate Starbucks with coffee and generally seek food elsewhere. This is a very different model to The Coffee Club which has much more of a cafe feel to it, or McDonalds which has a full range of breakfast and lunch/dinner items that can be complemented by a McCafe latte.Hence the average execution value at Starbucks is lower than its competitors, and therefore more customers must pass through its doors to reach the sales and pro? t levels of its competitors. It also creates con? ict with the Starbu cks ethos of the third place (and allowing people to sit around for 30 minutes sipping lattes and reading, talking or sur? ng) versus the need to get people in and out quickly and not take up valuable real estate (which in itself means that the average Starbucks store needs to be much bigger than the average cafe).Unlike most of the other retail coffee chains, Starbucks does not use a franchise model, preferring to lease and ? t-out its own outlets. This means more cash is being exhausted upfront, and in Starbucks case, more debt accrued. But adopting a franchise model would have numerous other advantages than just minimising this. It would mean that local investors, with a good sense of the local market, put their own money into the business and take an active role in running it and shaping its direction. 7. What are the main lessons from this case learning?Several key lessons emerge that should be of interest to both domestic and international marketers. 7. 1. Crossing internati onal borders is risky and distinctly Starbucks did not do their homework, or ignored their homework Well conceived market research involving both primary and secondary data, including qualitative and quantitative approaches, would have uncovered the extent of the coffee culture that existed in 2000 when Starbucks entered the Australian market. It seems inconceivable that Starbucks management, or at least its Australian representatives, were not suf? iently apprised of the extent to which many consumers were already well acculturated in terms of buying and consuming European styles of coffees such as short black, lattes and cappuccinos, nor the extent to which many customers were in fact loyal to their suburban cafe or competitive brands such as Gloria Jeans. As a late market entrant, Starbucks clearly failed to do thorough homework on the market before entry this is a failure in terms of due diligence. Alternatively, they chose to ignore the messages that were coming from any due diligence that they had undertaken.This may or may not have been due to some arrogance on the part of Starbucks, or due to the fact that they considered they had a strong global brand which would meet with universal acceptance. An example of where Starbucks did do its homework, and act on it, was in France when it entered that market in 2006, establishing a cafe in the middle of Paris. Research had clearly shown the American way of consuming and socialize over a coffee was an anathema to many French, so Starbucks held back from entering the French market and when they ? ally entered it was with great trepidation, expanding at a very slow pace and testing the market at every step. 7. 2. Think global but act local This familiar maxim in international marketing should be well understood. While Starbucks had brand awareness as a major global brand, it failed to adapt the product and the customer experience to many mature coffee drinkers in Australia. As noted earlier, all the evidence suggests that it simply tried to transplant the American experience into the Australian market without any adaptation.In particular, it failed to adapt either its core product or its supplementary services to create the intimacy, personalisation and familiarity that is associated with established boutique cafes in Australia. 7. 3. Establish a differential advantage and then strive to sustain it A question of strategy that Starbucks perhaps failed to address was, Is our product differentiation sustainable in the long term P. G. Patterson et al. / Australasian Marketing Journal 18 (2010) 4147 47 and does it continue to justify a price premium? As noted earlier, it can be argued that the core product in this case, that is the coffee itself, is essentially a commodity, and that Starbucks coffee, according to many consumers, was no different to the competition, and in some cases inferior. Then Starbucks points of difference clearly revolved around its brand image and supplementary servic es. It was these supplementary services, such as its unique servicescape and excellent customer service, that they used to justify a premium price. However, as competitors (e. g. , The Coffee Club) quickly imitated the Starbucks experience (i. . , their supplementary services, ambiance, etc. ), by providing premium coffee and an intimate casual experience, Starbucks value proposition began to fade. In other words, their key points of difference could be easily imitated and were not sustainable. Faced with this scenario, the onus was on management to re-fresh and evolve any lingering differential advantage that Starbucks might have had or, at the very least, give customers reasons to continue patronising Starbucks through its communications. 7. 4. Dont lose sight of what made you successful in the ? st place As more and more competitors emerged, both individual cafes and chains such as Gloria Jeans and The Coffee Club, competitive pressures forced Starbucks to impose rigid sales tar gets on their frontline staff including baristas to increase store productivity. However, the imposition of these KPTs and the pressure to serve more customers more quickly meant that Starbucks forgot the very thing that made it unique in the early days, namely, to provide a customer experience in an intimate casual setting that set it aside from competitors.As more pressure was fixed on staff to have higher throughput, this meant that baristas and other employees had little time to engage with customers. In other words, Starbucks forgot about the very things that made it unique in the ? rst place. This is akin to the bicycle of Retailing hypothesis (Hollander, 1960) where a no-frills retailer gradually moves upmarket in terms of variety of product, price and more services and within several years ? nds itself competing with the more established premium supermarkets that were the very competitors that they tried to distance themselves from in the ? st place. The only difference wi th Starbucks is that it reversed the direction of the Wheel by gradually moving downmarket it brought itself into direct competition with cheaper operators and lost sight of what made it successful in the ? rst place. 7. 5. Consider the viability of the business model It has to be questioned whether the Starbucks business model is viable in the long term, or even the medium term. A business model that uses a premium price to justify the excessive ? or space and elaborate servicescape, and allows customers to sit in this environment for an hour sipping one latte, has to be questioned. Given that Starbucks do not have the aline of products that, say, a McDonalds might have and, as documented earlier in this case, therefore do not generate the same sales volumes and revenues, it is laborious to see how the Starbucks model is ? nancially viable. 8. Conclusion In summary, it appears on all the evidence that Starbucks not only misjudged the Australian coffee culture but also misjudged the extent of the competition, and failed to adapt its offering to the local market.Furthermore, with the advent of high quality barista training, the availability of premium coffee beans and the technology to produce a high quality cup of coffee (at a modest cost), sole operators who knew their customers by name, were able to set up business as viable competitors. Starbucks may have been responsible for growing the premium coffee category, but the emergence of Gloria Jeans and the Coffee Club (and McCafe, a premium coffee shop embedded in McDonalds restaurants) turned out to be serious competitors.Finally, questions have to be raised about Starbucks fundamental business model in a market where many small niche players can easily replicate the Starbucks Experience. References AustralAsian Specialty Coffee Association, 2006. 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Review Questions Chapter

Coral reefs argon elaborate networks of crevices, ledges, and holes made up of calcium change coral polyps are tiny animals that build coral reefs by secreting a crust of limestone around their bodies that amass once multiple polyps die.Coral reefs help moderate atmospheric temperatures by removing CA from the atmosphere, act as pictorial barriers that help protect of the worlds coastlines from erosion by battering waves and storms, submit habitats for a variety of marine organisms, build about one-tenth of the global fish catch, one-fourth of the catch n developing countries, provide Jobs and twist materials for some of the worlds poorest countries, and support fishing and tourism Industries worth billions of dollars each year.Coral bleaching is when a coral becomes stressed and the alga on which it depends for food and color die out, leaving an underlying white or bleached soma of calcium carbonate this occurs beca give of increased peeing temperatures and runoff of silt from the land. 2. The two major aquatic living exposeition offs are saltwater (marine) and fresh water life zones. 3. Phytoplankton (plank plankton) are multiple types of algae Zooplankton (animal Lankan) are primary and secondary winding consumers which feed off phytoplankton (primary consumers) or other zooplankton (secondary consumers these range from protozoa to large invertebrates such as Jellyfish. Alternation are much smaller plankton that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity burn up the maritime surface. Nektons are strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles, and whales. Penthouses are fag end dwellers that attach themselves to one blip (e. G. Barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters, crabs). Decomposer are organisms ( mainly bacteria) which break down the organic compounds in the dead bodies and wastes of aquatic organisms into simple food for thought compounds for use by aquatic producers. 4. A major advantage of living In an aquatic life zone I s the fact that there Is high biodiversity.A disadvantage Is that It Is constantly affected by human activities. 5. The four factors that situate the types and numbers of organisms found in these layers are temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved 02 content, and availability of nutrients. 6. The marine systems provide climate moderation, carbon doodle absorption, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, reduced storm impact, habitats and nursery areas, emetic resources and biodiversity, scientific information, food, animal and pet feed, pharmaceuticals, harbors and transportation routes, recreation, employment, oil and natural gas, minerals, and building materials. . The coastal zone Is the warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the Estuaries are regions where rivers meet the ocean. Coastal wetlands are land areas covered with water all or part of the year. Mangroves are the tropical counterparts of salt marshes. Temperature and salinity vary greatly in estuaries and coastal wetlands because seawater and freshwater mix, because tidal and river flows vary, and cause of land runoff.These befuddle such a high NP because of high nutrient inputs from rivers and nearby land, rapid circulation of nutrients by tidal flows, presence of legion(predicate) producer plants, and ample sunlight subtile the shallow waters. 8. The intertribal zone is the area between low and high tides. Rocky shores are coastes with a remarkable variety of species that occupy different niches in response to daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, water flows, and salinity. Sandy shores are beaches with niches for different marine organisms. . Barrier islands are low, narrow, blonde islands that form offshore from a coastline. These are sought for human development because they are beautiful however, these are at risk because the can be costd or destroyed by flooding, severe beach erosion, or storms. The dunes should be protected because they serve as the first line of defense against the ravages of the sea. 10. Coral reefs are vulnerable to damage because they grow slowly, are disrupted easily, and only thrive in clear, warm, and fairly shallow water of constant high salinity.Humans impact coral reefs negatively by causing ocean warming, acres erosion, algae growth from fertilizer runoff, mangrove destruction, bleaching, rising sea levels, increased UP exposure, damage from anchors, and damage from fishing and diving. 11 . The commit sea is the sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separated from the coastal zone. Its three main vertical zones are the epiphytic zone, the bathmat zone, and the abyssal zone. The NP per unit of area is so low because of its size. 2. Humans destroy coastal wetlands for kitchen-gardening and urban development, destroy mangroves for agriculture, development, and aquaculture, erode beaches because of coastal development and rising sea leve ls, degrade ocean bottom habitats by dredging and trawler fishing, and damage coral reefs. 13. Freshwater life zones are the freshwater bodies of water. The two main types are standing (lentil) bodies of freshwater and flowing (lactic) bodies of freshwater. 14.Freshwater systems provide climate moderation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitats for many species, genetic resources for biodiversity, scientific information, food, drinking water, irrigation water, hydroelectricity, transportation corridors, recreation, and employment. Unify, and groundwater courseage fills the depressions in the earths surface. The literal zone is the zone near the shore which consists of the shallow light waters to the depths at which rooted plants stop growing.The liniment zone is the open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by the sunlight. The profoundly zone is the deep, open water where is too dark for pho tosynthesis. Then benthic zone is the lowest part of the lake where mostly decomposer and detritus feeders are located. 16. The three types of lakes are the oligarchic (poorly nourished) lake, atrophic well nourished) lake, and the mesospheric (middle) lake. 17. Surface water is the water which doesnt seep into the ground or evaporate.Runoff is surface water once it flows into streams. A watershed is a land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream. The floodplain zone is generally populated by cold-water fish. The transition zone is dwell by producers and cool- and warm-water fish species. The floodplain zone is populated by producers such as algae, contractible, and rooted aquatic plants on the shore. 18. Inland wetlands are lands covered with freshwater all or part of the time.Marshes, swamps, prairie potholes, floodplains, and arctic tundra in the summer are examples of inland wetlands. Seasonal inland wetlands are wetlands that are only covered by water during certain times of the year. 19. Dams, diversions, and canals fragment 40% of the worlds 237 large rivers. Flood control methods built along rivers alter and destroy aquatic habitats. Cities and farmlands add pollutants and excess plant nutrients to nearby streams and rivers. Many inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops or have been covered with concrete, asphalt, and buildings.