Review Questions Chapter

Coral reefs argon elaborate networks of crevices, ledges, and holes made up of calcium change coral polyps are tiny animals that build coral reefs by secreting a crust of limestone around their bodies that amass once multiple polyps die.Coral reefs help moderate atmospheric temperatures by removing CA from the atmosphere, act as pictorial barriers that help protect of the worlds coastlines from erosion by battering waves and storms, submit habitats for a variety of marine organisms, build about one-tenth of the global fish catch, one-fourth of the catch n developing countries, provide Jobs and twist materials for some of the worlds poorest countries, and support fishing and tourism Industries worth billions of dollars each year.Coral bleaching is when a coral becomes stressed and the alga on which it depends for food and color die out, leaving an underlying white or bleached soma of calcium carbonate this occurs beca give of increased peeing temperatures and runoff of silt from the land. 2. The two major aquatic living exposeition offs are saltwater (marine) and fresh water life zones. 3. Phytoplankton (plank plankton) are multiple types of algae Zooplankton (animal Lankan) are primary and secondary winding consumers which feed off phytoplankton (primary consumers) or other zooplankton (secondary consumers these range from protozoa to large invertebrates such as Jellyfish. Alternation are much smaller plankton that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity burn up the maritime surface. Nektons are strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles, and whales. Penthouses are fag end dwellers that attach themselves to one blip (e. G. Barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters, crabs). Decomposer are organisms ( mainly bacteria) which break down the organic compounds in the dead bodies and wastes of aquatic organisms into simple food for thought compounds for use by aquatic producers. 4. A major advantage of living In an aquatic life zone I s the fact that there Is high biodiversity.A disadvantage Is that It Is constantly affected by human activities. 5. The four factors that situate the types and numbers of organisms found in these layers are temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved 02 content, and availability of nutrients. 6. The marine systems provide climate moderation, carbon doodle absorption, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, reduced storm impact, habitats and nursery areas, emetic resources and biodiversity, scientific information, food, animal and pet feed, pharmaceuticals, harbors and transportation routes, recreation, employment, oil and natural gas, minerals, and building materials. . The coastal zone Is the warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the Estuaries are regions where rivers meet the ocean. Coastal wetlands are land areas covered with water all or part of the year. Mangroves are the tropical counterparts of salt marshes. Temperature and salinity vary greatly in estuaries and coastal wetlands because seawater and freshwater mix, because tidal and river flows vary, and cause of land runoff.These befuddle such a high NP because of high nutrient inputs from rivers and nearby land, rapid circulation of nutrients by tidal flows, presence of legion(predicate) producer plants, and ample sunlight subtile the shallow waters. 8. The intertribal zone is the area between low and high tides. Rocky shores are coastes with a remarkable variety of species that occupy different niches in response to daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, water flows, and salinity. Sandy shores are beaches with niches for different marine organisms. . Barrier islands are low, narrow, blonde islands that form offshore from a coastline. These are sought for human development because they are beautiful however, these are at risk because the can be costd or destroyed by flooding, severe beach erosion, or storms. The dunes should be protected because they serve as the first line of defense against the ravages of the sea. 10. Coral reefs are vulnerable to damage because they grow slowly, are disrupted easily, and only thrive in clear, warm, and fairly shallow water of constant high salinity.Humans impact coral reefs negatively by causing ocean warming, acres erosion, algae growth from fertilizer runoff, mangrove destruction, bleaching, rising sea levels, increased UP exposure, damage from anchors, and damage from fishing and diving. 11 . The commit sea is the sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separated from the coastal zone. Its three main vertical zones are the epiphytic zone, the bathmat zone, and the abyssal zone. The NP per unit of area is so low because of its size. 2. Humans destroy coastal wetlands for kitchen-gardening and urban development, destroy mangroves for agriculture, development, and aquaculture, erode beaches because of coastal development and rising sea leve ls, degrade ocean bottom habitats by dredging and trawler fishing, and damage coral reefs. 13. Freshwater life zones are the freshwater bodies of water. The two main types are standing (lentil) bodies of freshwater and flowing (lactic) bodies of freshwater. 14.Freshwater systems provide climate moderation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitats for many species, genetic resources for biodiversity, scientific information, food, drinking water, irrigation water, hydroelectricity, transportation corridors, recreation, and employment. Unify, and groundwater courseage fills the depressions in the earths surface. The literal zone is the zone near the shore which consists of the shallow light waters to the depths at which rooted plants stop growing.The liniment zone is the open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by the sunlight. The profoundly zone is the deep, open water where is too dark for pho tosynthesis. Then benthic zone is the lowest part of the lake where mostly decomposer and detritus feeders are located. 16. The three types of lakes are the oligarchic (poorly nourished) lake, atrophic well nourished) lake, and the mesospheric (middle) lake. 17. Surface water is the water which doesnt seep into the ground or evaporate.Runoff is surface water once it flows into streams. A watershed is a land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream. The floodplain zone is generally populated by cold-water fish. The transition zone is dwell by producers and cool- and warm-water fish species. The floodplain zone is populated by producers such as algae, contractible, and rooted aquatic plants on the shore. 18. Inland wetlands are lands covered with freshwater all or part of the time.Marshes, swamps, prairie potholes, floodplains, and arctic tundra in the summer are examples of inland wetlands. Seasonal inland wetlands are wetlands that are only covered by water during certain times of the year. 19. Dams, diversions, and canals fragment 40% of the worlds 237 large rivers. Flood control methods built along rivers alter and destroy aquatic habitats. Cities and farmlands add pollutants and excess plant nutrients to nearby streams and rivers. Many inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops or have been covered with concrete, asphalt, and buildings.